As the ultimate English Major’s show, Mad Men is full of symbolism, metaphors, ambiguous dialogue, character growth, nuance, references to other works of art, and all the other features of great literature that English majors like to sift, weigh, and interpret. It’s not really a show you can watch with your brain turned off, and its ratings have been correspondingly un-huge. But it’s a show you can watch again and again and get more out of it each time.
Over its first five seasons the literary qualities of Man Men seem to have deepened, and now, after every episode the bloggers go wild on the Internet trying to analyze what it all means. This isn’t easy because each episode is packed with multiple story lines that are open to detailed and varied interpretations. In the end, Mad Men is not one show, it’s many shows.
I didn’t study English in college but I was an American Studies major, which is almost as bad. Consequently I can’t conclude a season like this without feeling compelled to take one last whack at what it has all meant, looking at the various “shows” that exist under the overall rubric of “Mad Men.”
The American Show: First and most obviously, Mad Men is a quintessentially American Show, with the characters pursuing the happiness that was promised to all of us in the Declaration of Independence. Whatever they’ve got, they want more. Don Draper, like Gatsby before him and like Ben Franklin before HIM, reinvented himself in search of the American Dream – wealth, status, power. This drive for self-improvement affects everyone, and not just the men. Peggy might be female but she is an American first, throwing off the chains of her outer borough birth to make a better life for herself.
And of course there’s Lane, the Brit who doesn’t particularly like his prospects in British society and embraces the freedom and mobility of America. In the U.S., no one knows that he’s not really an English gentleman, or that his father was just an army officer, or that he was considered a prat and a puppet by the upper class managers of Putnam Powell and Low, the British ad agency that bought the old Sterling Cooper. After he commits suicide his very English wife blasts Don: “You had no right to fill a man like that with ambition.” As an Englishman he should have settled for the cards he was dealt, she implies, but like millions of immigrants before him, he was seduced by the opportunity and freedom of the new world. Unfortunately, he’s not truly American like Don, who advises him to “start over” without realizing that’s not something a Brit can do when he is sent back to England.
The Modernist Show: Why are the characters on Mad Men so unhappy? They seem to have everything they need but remain dissatisfied. Pete Campbell is the worst – all that whining about not getting the recognition he deserves and claiming he has a “permanent wound.” That wound is called Modernity and it’s closely related to the American theme (see above) since America is the most modern country. Post-war America was the first time in world history that a majority of the population had its basic material needs met and how did it respond? By complaining. By spawning Baby Boomers. As Don tells the napalm makers at Dow, happiness is a moment before you need more happiness. Our souls have a big hole that we need to fill over and over.
Season Five was one long examination of the ennui of modern America. The Beatles got a lot of attention this season, but the season really should have been dedicated to two Rolling Stones songs: “(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction” and “You Can’t Always Get What You Want.” Peggy wants more recognition. Betty wants a more exciting marriage. Megan’s not happy with a successful advertising career. On second thought, maybe the song for this season should be Peggy Lee’s downer masterpiece, “Is That All There Is?”
The A.V. Club pointed to Abraham Maslow’s Pyramid of Happiness (see below) to explain the seeming contradiction of unhappiness in a land of plenty. Back in 1943 Maslow posited that there’s a hierarchy of needs ranging from basic subsistence to enlightenment and inner peace. At the base of the pyramid are survival needs like food, water and sleep. The next level is basic safety (a job, a family, health) followed by love and belonging (friendship, family and sexual intimacy). Most of the characters on the show have achieved these first three stages but they are stuck on the next two: esteem, which includes confidence, achievement, and respect of others; and self-actualization, which includes morality, problem-solving and acceptance. Don alone seems to have achieved the esteem level, and although he’s done much better with morality, he’s still struggling with acceptance. (The only time anyone achieved enlightenment this season was when Roger took his LSD trip – and that “wore off.”)
What these characters really need is a spiritual grounding. Modernity is a rejection of the old world, where faith and community prevailed, and nothing has taken their place to heal Pete’s wound. Yet religion is almost invisible in the Mad Men world – an ahistorical anomaly. When I was growing up in the Sixties, everyone I knew went to church, but on Mad Men the only mention of religion is Peggy’s conflict with her Catholic upbringing (and why is Peggy, a proud Swede, Catholic? She should be Lutheran.)
In the Sixties, the Drapers would have been Episcopalians and Sally and Bobby would have gone to Sunday School. Not so in the purely secular world of Mad Men. I wonder if Matt Weiner has deliberately downplayed the religion angle or if he just doesn’t know about it. In any event, it’s hard to see how these characters will ever get to true acceptance and enlightenment without some spiritual resolution. Much of the Sixties was about rejecting organized religion in favor of substitutes like Paul Kinsey’s Hare Krishnas, Roger’s LSD, EST, and the back-to-the-earth movement. So far, nothing is working for them.
The Anti-Corporate Show: Mad Men has always had a love/hate relationship with corporate America. Intentionally or not, it glamorized this world and even made it enticing. The competing for accounts, the creative work, the office hi-jinks, the office camaraderie – it always seemed a little fun. Not this season. What was so sad about the show where Joan prostituted herself wasn’t just the personal tragedy but the implication that everything associated with the business was prostitution.
And what is that business? It’s convincing people to feel good about buying things they don’t really need. Providing a temporary salve on their day-to-day misery. What could be more superficial than that? In the end, the agency is little better than a pimp for corporate America.
This past season the love/hate relationship between the show and the corporate life has evolved into a straight-out “hate” relationship. The office is a place where bad things happen. It’s the place where executives kill themselves, beat each other up, sell their souls and make themselves miserable. When Glen asks Sally how New York is she replies “It’s dirty,” and Megan needs to close the windows on Thanksgiving because the air itself is so filthy. Will we get two more seasons of this? That would be kind of depressing.
The Sixties Show: Much of the initial enthusiasm from Season One grew out of nostalgia for the more glamorous life of the early 1960s. The clothes, the décor, the three martini lunches. For those of us who were alive in the Sixties, there was always a shock of recognition at the way a kitchen looked, or a winter coat or a couch. Of course Mad Men went deeper than design; it also examined the social mores of the early Sixties. And one thing I never liked about the first few seasons seasons was all the tut-tutting and moral superiority by today’s writers looking back at the way we lived 45 years ago, especially as it pertained to male/female relationships. None of the women I knew from the Sixties, starting with my mother or the mothers of my friends, were as helpless or brittle as the women on Mad Men and I didn’t appreciate the little lectures on their behalf.
Because Mad Men has made a fetish of historical accuracy, with many episodes tied to historical events, it’s been fun watching the years unfold and catching all the historical clues. The Sixties were a period of enormous turmoil and the changes in fashion and décor this season signaled equally momentous changes in society. We got a whiff of that in the very first episode at Don’s birthday party, when all of a sudden everyone is wearing mid-Sixties outfits – loud sports jackets and bright party dresses – and the Drapers are living in a modern apartment with a sunken living room, white carpet and contemporary furnishings (look at the background when Megan’s singing Zou Bisou Bisou.)
What’s interesting about the season is that the first ten episodes occur at very specific times – there are many hints about what week, and sometimes even what day it is. There are the Chicago nurses’ murder, the Texas Tower sniper, the mystery smog of Thanksgiving 1966, Pearl Harbor Day. (There are even tiny details, like Michael Ginsberg’s father commenting on the death of the baseball player Pete Fox, which a quick Wikipedia search tells us occurred on July 5, 1966). But then the last three episodes, which are the most earth-shaking shows of the year, revert to the timeless look of the early seasons, presumably to avoid having the design distracting us from the very serious issues at hand.
Season Five – which goes from Memorial Day 1966 through Easter 1967 – shows us the early stages of the 1960’s crack up. There’s a generational shift, with old-timers like Don and Roger not understanding the emerging culture. There’s an alarming rise in violence, with murder and riots outside and fistfights inside. And there’s music, with those over age 30 not comprehending the way music is speaking for the new generation.
But in in this season, America has not gone yet completely haywire, and it will be interesting to see what the date is when Season Six resumes. Normally after a Mad Men hiatus, six to nine months will have passed, but it’s hard to imagine they will jump over the summer of 1967, with its notorious race riots, the flowering of Hippie culture in San Francisco (aka “Summer of Love”) and the growing anti-war protests.
Mad Men has not yet begun to show how the youth movement would begin to tear the country apart, either. Anyone who thinks we have a divided culture now should reflect on the late Sixties, when half the country actively loathed the very sight of the other half, even within families. Especially within families. The long hair, beards, jeans and acid-tinged music were a direct rebuke to the guys with crew cuts, suits, corporate jobs and clean suburban families – in other words, everything that Mad Men represents. In the beginning of Season Five, it looked like Don, Roger and the old guard would surrender before their younger more energetic colleagues but by the end of the season they had regain their mojo – in the office at least. I wonder if they will be able to withstand an even stronger assault in Season Six.
And who will speak for “youth” next year? The younger characters – Peggy, Megan, Ginsburg – are all too old to be baby boomers. Will poor Creepy Glen get the job of growing his hair out and raging against the system? He’s the only character on the show who’s the right age. And as someone who’s been mistreated by life (with divorced parents and a history of being bullied by the lacrosse team) he’s ripe for disenchantment. Bold prediction: There’s a very good chance that he gets kicked out of Hotchkiss for smoking pot.
One last word on the Sixties. Except for the first episode, the issue of civil rights was conspicuously missing this year after having been subtly woven into the first four seasons. It’s not like the show decided to abandon social movements – it has never stopped yapping about women’s rights. But nothing except for the Vietnam War engaged the nation like race did during this time and to have it absent from the discussion is a pretty big miss. There was the one fascinating scene where Peggy took Dawn home and blabbered about how women and blacks both face prejudice, but then the whole issue fell off the table. It’s not Mad Men’s job to squeeze every social issue onto the show, but considering how important race was in the 1960s, it’s a surprising omission.
The Don Draper Show: Mad Men is a show about many things (see above) but it is also the journey of one man. What was so inspiring to me this year was Don’s attempt to become a better man. He didn’t cheat on Megan, tried to do the right thing with Lane, tried to head off Joan’s prostitution, and served as a good father. He drank less. He loved his wife enough to give her the freedom to succeed, even though he knows he might lose her.
Will he continue to grow or will he relapse? The last scene of the season – when he is being hit on in the bar – is ambiguous at best. My own guess is that the narrative arc of the Don Draper story is that of a man who fell victim to his own weaknesses over several years and hit rock bottom during “The Suitcase” episode of last season, then took control of his life and found some kind of meaning. There are still two seasons to go, so there will undoubtedly be steps forward and back but I hope the show doesn’t descend into cynicism. Don deserves better and so do we, his loyal fans.
I’d like to close with a list of my top ten favorite scenes:
10. Don fixing the faucet at the Campbell’s. During an otherwise excruciating dinner party, the kitchen faucet bursts open, spraying water on the wives. While Pete, who had previously tried to fix this very faucet, goes in search of a toolbox, Don strips down to his tee shirt and masterfully engineers a repair. For poor Pete, this is one of many humiliations this season.
9. Don and Harry at The Rolling Stones concert. Harry is the personification of gooberiness, first not knowing the difference between The Trade Winds and The Stones, and then scarfing down a full bag of hamburgers. Good comic relief. I have no recollection of the Trade Winds but here is their biggest hit
8. Michael Ginsberg and his father. After telling Peggy that he can work around the clock because he has no family, we discover that Michael actually has a father that he needs to support. This is a father who loves his son so much that he gazes at him when he’s asleep. The scene takes on added poignancy when we learn that Michael was born in a concentration camp. More Michael next year, please.
7. Ken Cosgrove’s short story. Having been admonished by Roger to stop writing SciFi fiction in his spare time, Ken adopts the pen name Dave Algonquin and starts a Cheeveresque story about Pete’s suburban miseries. The narrator’s voiceover plays while we see a montage of scenes demonstrating Pete’s discontent. There’s at least one person at SCDP who is not miserable, and it’s Ken, who not coincidentally doesn’t tie his whole self-worth to the office.
6. Glen and Sally at the Museum of Natural History. An obvious homage to “Catcher in the Rye,” this scene is a sweet depiction of kids in transition from children to adults. In Sally’s case this is literally the very last minute she can consider herself a little girl.
5. Roger’s LSD trip – the best evocation ever of what it must like to drop acid.
4. Betty spraying whipped cream in her mouth after visiting the Draper apartment. All I can say is that Henry deserves this after stealing away another man’s wife.
3. Don putting The Beatles “Revolver” on the stereo and hearing “Tomorrow Never Knows” pour out What a jolt that provided! It was a shattering reminder of what lay ahead in the Sixties.
2. Joan and Don at the bar, flirting and reminiscing about old times. Although there was enough sexual combustion to power a small city, there was also glamour and friendship and wistfulness.
1. The last five minutes of the final episode, starting with Don screening Megan’s reel, and moving through the iconic shot of the partners standing alone on the vacant floor looking out at the city and finishing with Don leaving Megan on the soundstage to the strains of “You Only Live Twice,” entering a bar and being asked that profound question, “Are you alone?”
Actually, I do feel a little alone now that the season is over. Did I miss any other great scenes?